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<title>Server (computing)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Server (computing)</span></span>

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<p>A <b>server</b> is a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> that provides information to other computers called "<a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a>" on a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_Networking_Academy_x508_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco_Networking_Academy_x508-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">architecture</a> is called the <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a>. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or <a href="System_resource" title="System resource">resources</a> among multiple clients or performing <a href="Computation" title="Computation">computations</a> for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical servers are <a href="Database_server" title="Database server">database servers</a>, <a href="File_server" title="File server">file servers</a>, <a href="Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">mail servers</a>, <a href="Print_server" title="Print server">print servers</a>, <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a>, <a href="Game_server" title="Game server">game servers</a>, and <a href="Application_server" title="Application server">application servers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Client–server systems are usually most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the <a href="Request%E2%80%93response" title="Request–response">request–response</a> model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, but alternatively, large <a href="Computing_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing cluster">computing clusters</a> may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The use of the word <i>server</i> in computing comes from <a href="Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it dates to the mid 20th century, being notably used in <a href="#CITEREFKendall1953">Kendall (1953)</a> (along with "service"), the paper that introduced <a href="Kendall's_notation" title="Kendall's notation">Kendall's notation</a>. In earlier papers, such as the <a href="#CITEREFErlang1909">Erlang (1909)</a>, more concrete terms such as "[telephone] operators" are used.

</p><p>In computing, "server" dates at least to RFC 5 (1969),<sup id="cite_ref-rulifson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulifson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the earliest documents describing <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> (the predecessor of <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>), and is contrasted with "user", distinguishing two types of <a href="Host_(network)" title="Host (network)">host</a>: "server-host" and "user-host". The use of "serving" also dates to early documents, such as RFC 4,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrasting "serving-host" with "using-host".

</p><p>The <a href="Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a> defines <i>server</i> in the common sense of a process performing service for requests, usually remote,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the 1981 version reading:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>SERVER n. A kind of <a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">DAEMON</a> which performs a service for the requester, which often runs on a computer other than the one on which the server runs.</p></blockquote><p> The average utilization of a server in the early 2000s was 5 to 15%, but with the adoption of virtualization this figure started to increase the number of servers needed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div>

<p>Strictly speaking, the term <i>server</i> refers to a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> or <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> (running program). Through <a href="Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>, it refers to a device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a <i><a href="Host_(network)" title="Host (network)">host</a></i>. In addition to <i>server</i>, the words <i>serve</i> and <i>service</i> (as verb and as noun respectively) are frequently used, though <i>servicer</i> and <i>servant</i> are not.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>service</i> (noun) may refer to the abstract form of functionality, e.g. <a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a>. Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. <a href="Windows_service" title="Windows service">Windows service</a>. Originally used as "servers serve users" (and "users use servers"), in the sense of "obey", today one often says that "servers serve data", in the same sense as "give". For instance, <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a> "serve [up] web pages to users" or "service their requests".

</p><p>The server is part of the <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a>; in this model, a server serves data for <a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a>. The nature of communication between a client and server is <a href="Request%E2%80%93response" title="Request–response">request and response</a>. This is in contrast with <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus any general-purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if <a href="File_system" title="File system">files</a> on a device are shared by some process, that process is a <a href="File_server" title="File server">file server</a>. Similarly, <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> software can <i>run</i> on any capable computer, and so a <a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> or a personal computer can host a web server.

</p><p>While request–response is the most common client-server design, there are others, such as the <a href="Publish%E2%80%93subscribe_pattern" title="Publish–subscribe pattern">publish–subscribe pattern</a>. In the publish-subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request-response. Thereafter, the pub-sub server forwards matching messages to the clients <i>without</i> any further requests: the server <i><a href="Push_technology" title="Push technology">pushes</a></i> messages to the client, rather than the client <i><a href="Pull_technology" title="Pull technology">pulling</a></i> messages from the server as in request-response.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div>

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<p>The role of a server is to share data as well as to share <a href="System_resource" title="System resource">resources</a> and distribute work. A server computer can serve its own computer programs as well; depending on the scenario, this could be part of a <i><a href="Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> transaction, or simply a technical possibility. The following table shows several scenarios in which a server is used.

</p>

<th>Server type

</th>

<th>Purpose

</th>

<th>Clients

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a>

</td>

<td>Hosts application <a href="Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">back ends</a> that user clients (front ends, <a href="Web_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Web app">web apps</a> or locally installed applications) in the network connect to and use. These servers do not need to be part of the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>; any <a href="Local_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Local network">local network</a> would do.

</td>

<td>Clients with a browser or a local front end, or a web server

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Catalog_server" title="Catalog server">Catalog server</a>

</td>

<td>Maintains an index or table of contents of information that can be found across a large distributed network, such as computers, users, files shared on file servers, and web apps. <a href="Directory_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory server">Directory servers</a> and <a href="Name_server" title="Name server">name servers</a> are examples of catalog servers.

</td>

<td>Any computer program that needs to find something on the network, such as a <a href="Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domain member</a> attempting to log in, an <a href="Email_client" title="Email client">email client</a> looking for an email address, or a user looking for a file

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Communications_server" title="Communications server">Communications server</a>

</td>

<td>Maintains an environment needed for one communication endpoint (user or devices) to find other endpoints and communicate with them. It may or may not include a directory of communication endpoints and a presence detection service, depending on the openness and security parameters of the network

</td>

<td>Communication endpoints (users or devices)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Computing server</a>

</td>

<td>Shares vast amounts of computing resources, especially <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> and <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a>, over a network.

</td>

<td>Any computer program that needs more CPU power and RAM than a personal computer can probably afford. The client must be a networked computer; otherwise, there would be no client-server model.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Database_server" title="Database server">Database server</a>

</td>

<td>Maintains and shares any form of <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> (organized collections of data with predefined properties that may be displayed in a table) over a network.

</td>

<td><a href="Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheets</a>, <a href="Accounting_software" title="Accounting software">accounting software</a>, <a href="Digital_asset_management" title="Digital asset management">asset management software</a> or virtually any computer program that consumes well-organized data, especially in large volumes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fax_server" title="Fax server">Fax server</a>

</td>

<td>Shares one or more <a href="Fax_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fax machine">fax machines</a> over a network, thus eliminating the hassle of physical access

</td>

<td>Any fax sender or recipient

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="File_server" title="File server">File server</a>

</td>

<td>Shares <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="Computer_folder" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer folder">folders</a>, storage space to hold files and folders, or both, over a network

</td>

<td>Networked computers are the intended clients, even though local programs can be clients

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Game_server" title="Game server">Game server</a>

</td>

<td>Enables several computers or gaming devices to play <a href="Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer video games</a>

</td>

<td>Personal computers or <a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">gaming consoles</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">Mail server</a>

</td>

<td>Makes <a href="Email" title="Email">email</a> communication possible in the same way that a <a href="Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> makes <a href="Snail_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Snail mail">snail mail</a> communication possible

</td>

<td>Senders and recipients of email

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Media_server" title="Media server">Media server</a>

</td>

<td>Shares <a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> or <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> over a network through <a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">media streaming</a> (transmitting content in a way that portions received can be watched or listened to as they arrive, as opposed to downloading an entire file and then using it)

</td>

<td>User-attended personal computers equipped with a monitor and a speaker

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Print_server" title="Print server">Print server</a>

</td>

<td>Shares one or more <a href="Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a> over a network, thus eliminating the hassle of physical access

</td>

<td>Computers in need of printing something

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sound_server" title="Sound server">Sound server</a>

</td>

<td>Enables computer programs to play and record sound, individually or cooperatively

</td>

<td>Computer programs of the same computer and network clients.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a>

</td>

<td>Acts as an <a href="Intermediary" title="Intermediary">intermediary</a> between a client and a server, accepting incoming traffic from the client and sending it to the server. Reasons for doing so include content control and filtering, improving traffic performance, preventing unauthorized network access or simply routing the traffic over a large and complex network.

</td>

<td>Any networked computer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Virtual_private_server" title="Virtual private server">Virtual server</a>

</td>

<td>Shares hardware and software resources with other virtual servers. It exists only as defined within specialized software called <a href="Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a>. The <a href="Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> presents virtual hardware to the server as if it were real physical hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Server virtualization allows for a more efficient infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Any networked computer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>

</td>

<td>Hosts <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>. A web server is what makes the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> possible. Each <a href="Website" title="Website">website</a> has one or more web servers. Also, each server can host multiple websites.

</td>

<td>Computers with a web browser

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Almost the entire structure of the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> is based upon a <a href="Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> model. High-level <a href="Root_nameserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Root nameserver">root nameservers</a>, <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a>, and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to the Internet, running continuously throughout the world<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and virtually every action taken by an ordinary <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> user requires one or more interactions with one or more servers. There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers; for example, <a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> and some implementations of <a href="Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> (e.g. pre-Microsoft <a href="Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2></div>

<p><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a> requirement for servers vary widely, depending on the server's purpose and its software. Servers often are more powerful and expensive than the clients that connect to them.

</p><p>The name server is used both for the hardware and software pieces. For the hardware servers, it is usually limited to mean the high-end machines although software servers can run on a variety of hardwares.

</p><p>Since servers are usually accessed over a network, many run unattended without a <a href="Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a> or input device, audio hardware and <a href="Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> interfaces. Many servers do not have a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI). They are configured and managed remotely. Remote management can be conducted via various methods including <a href="Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Microsoft Management Console</a> (MMC), <a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>, <a href="Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a> and <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser-based</a> <a href="Out-of-band_management" title="Out-of-band management">out-of-band management</a> systems such as Dell's <a href="Dell_DRAC" title="Dell DRAC">iDRAC</a> or HP's <a href="HP_Integrated_Lights-Out" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Integrated Lights-Out">iLo</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_servers">Large servers</h3></div>

<p>Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption. <a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a> would have to be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. <a href="Mission-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission-critical">Mission-critical</a> enterprise servers would be very <a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerant</a> and use specialized hardware with low <a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate">failure rates</a> in order to maximize <a href="Uptime" title="Uptime">uptime</a>. <a href="Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">Uninterruptible power supplies</a> might be incorporated to guard against power failure. Servers typically include hardware <a href="Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a> such as dual <a href="Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supplies</a>, <a href="RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> <a href="Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">disk</a> systems, and <a href="ECC_memory" title="ECC memory">ECC memory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with extensive <a href="Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">pre-boot</a> memory testing and verification. Critical components might be <a href="Hot_swappable" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot swappable">hot swappable</a>, allowing technicians to replace them on the running server without shutting it down, and to guard against overheating, servers might have more powerful fans or use <a href="Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">water cooling</a>. They will often be able to be configured, powered up and down, or rebooted remotely, using <a href="Out-of-band_management" title="Out-of-band management">out-of-band management</a>, typically based on <a href="Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface" title="Intelligent Platform Management Interface">IPMI</a>. Server casings are usually <a href="Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">flat and wide</a>, and designed to be rack-mounted, either on <a href="19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch racks</a> or on <a href="Open_Rack" title="Open Rack">Open Racks</a>.

</p><p>These types of servers are often housed in dedicated <a href="Data_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Data centers">data centers</a>. These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security. Noise is also less of a concern, but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue. Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices.

</p>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext">A <a href="Server_rack" class="mw-redirect" title="Server rack">server rack</a> seen from the rear</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> servers as seen from the front</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> servers as seen from the rear</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> servers as seen from the rear</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clusters">Clusters</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Server_farm" title="Server farm">Server farm</a></div>

<p>A <i>server farm</i> or <i>server cluster</i> is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device. Modern <a href="Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is a collaborative effort, <a href="Open_Compute_Project" title="Open Compute Project">Open Compute Project</a> around this concept.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appliances">Appliances</h3></div>

<p>A class of small specialist servers called <a href="Network_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Network appliance">network appliances</a> are generally at the low end of the scale, often being smaller than common desktop computers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile">Mobile</h3></div>

<p>A mobile server has a portable form factor, e.g. a <a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to large <a href="Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> or rack servers, the mobile server is designed for on-the-road or <i>ad hoc</i> deployment into emergency, disaster or temporary environments where traditional servers are not feasible due to their power requirements, size, and deployment time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main beneficiaries of so-called "server on the go" technology include network managers, software or database developers, training centers, military personnel, law enforcement, forensics, emergency relief groups, and service organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-deskeng1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deskeng1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To facilitate portability, features such as the <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>, <a href="Display_device" title="Display device">display</a>, <a href="Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> (<a href="Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a>, to provide power redundancy in case of failure), and mouse are all integrated into the chassis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2></div>

<p>On the Internet, the dominant <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> among servers are UNIX-like <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open-source</a> <a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">distributions</a>, such as those based on <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-linuxusage_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxusage-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> also having a significant share. Proprietary operating systems such as <a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a> and <a href="MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">macOS Server</a> are also deployed, but in much smaller numbers. Servers that run Linux are commonly used as Webservers or Databanks. Windows Servers are used for Networks that are made out of Windows Clients.

</p><p>Specialist server-oriented operating systems have traditionally had features such as:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> not available or optional</li>

<li>Ability to <a href="Reconfigurable_computing" title="Reconfigurable computing">reconfigure</a> and update both hardware and software to some extent without restart</li>

<li>Advanced <a href="Backup" title="Backup">backup</a> facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>,</li>

<li><a href="Network_transparency" title="Network transparency">Transparent</a> data transfer between different <a href="Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">volumes</a> or devices</li>

<li>Flexible and advanced networking capabilities</li>

<li>Automation capabilities such as <a href="Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemons</a> in UNIX and <a href="Windows_service" title="Windows service">services</a> in Windows</li>

<li>Tight system security, with advanced user, resource, data, and memory protection.</li>

<li>Advanced detection and alerting on conditions such as overheating, processor and disk failure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>In practice, today many desktop and server operating systems share similar <a href="Code_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Code base">code bases</a>, differing mostly in configuration.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_consumption">Energy consumption</h2></div>

<p>In 2024, data centers (servers, cooling, and other electrical infrastructure) consumed 415 <a href="Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">terawatt-hours</a> of electrical energy, and were responsible for roughly 1.5% of electrical energy consumption worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for 4.4% in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate is that total energy consumption for information and communications technology saves more than 5 times its <a href="Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the rest of the economy by increasing efficiency.

</p><p>Global energy consumption is increasing due to the increasing demand of data and bandwidth.

</p><p><a href="Environmental_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental groups">Environmental groups</a> have placed focus on the carbon emissions of data centers as it accounts to 200 million metric tons of <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in a year.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="Servant_(CORBA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant (CORBA)">CORBA servant</a> is a server-side <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a> to which <a href="Method_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Method call">method calls</a> from <a href="Remote_method_invocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote method invocation">remote method invocation</a> are <a href="Forwarding_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Forwarding (object-oriented programming)">forwarded</a>, but this is an uncommon usage.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Servers" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Servers">Servers</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFErlang1909" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Agner_Krarup_Erlang" title="Agner Krarup Erlang">Erlang, Agner Krarup</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001212934/http://oldwww.com.dtu.dk/teletraffic/erlangbook/pps131-137.pdf">"The theory of probabilities and telephone conversations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik B</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldwww.com.dtu.dk/teletraffic/erlangbook/pps131-137.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-01.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKendall1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="David_George_Kendall" title="David George Kendall">Kendall, D. G.</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177728975">"Stochastic Processes Occurring in the Theory of Queues and their Analysis by the Method of the Imbedded Markov Chain"</a>. <i>The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>354. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177728975">10.1214/aoms/1177728975</a></span>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2236285">2236285</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_sizes_and_classes279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li>

<li><a href="Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a>

<li><a href="Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li>

<li><a href="Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="Notebook_computer" title="Notebook computer">Notebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a>

<ul><li><a href="Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li>

<li><a href="Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li>

<li><a href="Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li>

<li><a href="Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fitness_tracker" title="Fitness tracker">Fitness tracker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>

<li><a href="GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li>

<li><a href="Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4209324-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Client/server computing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93000502">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="servery"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135500&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007544366605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/1855303f-04d0-4f16-84db-e7c3a61c6121">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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